Walker AmStud 2^nd Quarter All-Stars

Initials	Source	Item	Date / Decade	IDENTIFICATION	HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
MT	Burnham Handout	Andrew Dunford		A free black sugar planter who owned seventy-seven slaves at his death. To give him some credit, Dunford, along with most other black slave owners, felt a conflict of interest in his support of slavery.	Free blacks, just like whites, were self-motivated and acted on his own self-interest and disregarded the fact that those he forced into hard labor on his plantation were of the same color as he.
AW	EV 12	British textile industry		Grew rapidly with the industrial revolution.	Created a demand for cotton from the American south, encouraging larger-scale production and therefore slavery.
MT	Burnham Handout	Dilsey Pope		A free slave who bought her husband and after having a fight with him, preceded to sell him to a white slave owner who refused to sell her husband back when they overcame their differences.	Goes to show that sometimes free blacks’ plans for slave ownership backfired, as in the case of Dilsey Pope and her husband.
MT	Burnham Handout	Mosby Shepherd		A free black who bought his own slave son in order to later free him.	Black ownership of slaves was not always for the sole reason of increasing the wealth of the owner. Shepherd demonstrates a key tactic that only few blacks could use to free slaves because of the expense of slaves.
KH	Burnham	Anthony Johnson	1640	A black man that came over to Virginia in 1621 as a servant who eventually accumulated two hundred and fifty acres of land.	Anthony Johnson is a rare example of a free black man who was able to accumulate wealth and eventually own slaves of his own.
	Burnham Handout	John Casor	1640-1649	Brought from Africa to America, where he was a servant for a Virginia landowner, who filed a complaint because his master, Anthony Johnson, tried to make him a slave for life.	Shows that some masters treated servants like slaves and even would try to make them slaves after the servitude was complete.
AC	HOWIA 5	Mrs. A. J. Graves	1700-1799	A writer that saw women’s responsibilities to adhere to their sphere was often seen as moral issues.	This proved that even women believer that they should follow the unwritten rules and responsibilities of women.
AW	EV 12	Broad kinship patterns	1700-1860	Close ties between children and grandparents, aunts, and uncles as well as parents; found in many West African cultures, and applied to slave relationships in America.	A reaction to the fact that slave children were very much often separated from their parents. The idea did not only apply to blood relatives, and served as a way to create a strong uniting sense of obligation to, and kinship between, slaves.
KB	EV12	Plantation	1700-1860	A large farm used by the planters of the Old South for the growing of crops. Slaves were the most abundant in the plantation, there was usually a large mansion with elegant furnishings, and the plantation system usually had an average income of $20,000 or more a year, but there were also high maintenance costs (slaves, land) that offset this profit.	Stood as the center of the popular image of the Old South, but it also stood for the cruel treatment of slaves and it often had indecent living conditions for the slaves and their families. Also, though not the majority, the plantation usually generated the most income for the South, and that’s why some of the wealthiest counties in America are located in the South.
MC	EV12	patting juba	1750-1860	Slaves made rhythmic clapping music alongside dances. Also, made use of the banjo, tin buckets, and extensive footwork. Slaves also sang spirituals.	Though slaves were not allowed to own musical instruments, they still found methods of enjoying dance and song. Innocent- seeming songs often contained hidden messages or underlying meanings.
MC	EV12	pidgin	1750-1860	Used for communication between slaves, was a very basic form of spoken English.	Stresses the need for slaves to communicate, and the difficulties of doing so due to different places of origin. Pidgin was a common tool with which slaves could eventually unite. See “English Pidgin”
IA	EV12	Innate Southern Violence	1760’s-(maybe even present?)	Low-brow violence and unnecessary brutality define the white Southerners of the time period.	Gives the North more metaphoric firepower in their argument of Southerners being roughians as well as somewhat establishing the feral tendencies of white slave owners in general.
MT	EV12	Dueling	1760-1850	Became a huge deal in the “Old South” as a means to preserve one another’s honor.	Dueling became a substitute for law enforcement and demonstrated the violence that broke out even among the whites of the South. Not surprisingly, the murder rate of the South was about ten times higher than that of the North. And is still higher as a percentage of population!!
MC	EV9	John Jacob Astor	1763-1848	Astor served as an example of the popular “rags-to-riches” myth. He established a fur-trading business which grew to the reaches of an empire, raising him to high status and wealth.	Astor was one of a few whom the phrase “rags-to-riches” accurately described. Most of the wealthy were either born into a wealthy family, married wisely, or invested well.
LM&MT	ATF6	Ecological Systems	1780-1820	Plants, animals, diseases. Many different eco-systems were in America.	These different Eco-systems had to be dealt with just like the cultural differences within America. It was part of the frontier.
LM&MT	ATF6	European domestic animals	1780-1840	Cattle, sheep, oxen, and pigs began replacing Indians’ bison, deer, moose, antelope.	Because European domestic animals began replacing the animals Indians depended on for survival, Indian population levels began suffering greatly as more and more whites moved West and into the Indian territory.
LM	ATF7	Historiography: Andrew Jackson	1780-1840	An example of Freud’s ideas put into action. A historian, Rogin, hypothesized the relationships between Indians and Americans as well as Andrew Jackson’s personal demeanor could be explained implementing Freudian ideas.	Rogin believed that the relationship between white Americans and American Indians mimicked that of a parent-child relationship. The president was commonly referred to as “the white father” to the Indians. Rogin also believed that Jackson’s hot temper derived from possible issues in infancy involving feeding, weaning, or holding the child which often meant infantile rage, such as the kind of rage Jackson displayed as an adult.
LM&MT	ATF6	Plants	1780-1840	Bluegrass, dandelions, daisies, white clovers, ragweed, and plantains are a couple of examples of plants that were spread throughout America that are commonly thought of as native but originated from Europe.	Humans and disease were not the only things spreading throughout America from Europe, there were many plants that came as well.
PS	EV9	Land Ordinance of 1785	1785	Provided for the survey and sale of states which had ceded western lands to the national government, creating a public domain.	The ordinance spurred westward expansion.
PS	EV9	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	1787	Established a mechanism for transforming the several states that had ceded western lands to the national government into states.	The ordinance spurred westward expansion.
KB	HOWIA 5	Sarah Hale	1788-1879	Famous woman writer that described in her magazine Godey’s Lady’s Book how a woman should act, including being delicate and timid and requiring protection.	The evolution of a middle-class lade became evident through her writings, as women were now seen as dependents rather than partners with their husbands.
MC	EV9	Samuel Slater	1789	British mechanic who reached America, defying a British ban on the emigration of its mechanics. Later, designed the first cotton mill in America.	Mills provided more jobs, and a greater production of cotton and textiles. Sped up the process of American industrialization.
LM&MT	HOWIA6	A Vindication of the Rights of Man	1790	An essay written by Mary Wollstonecraft in opposition to Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France.	Wollstonecraft won a lot of support and approval for this essay, and it encouraged her to continue writing and expressing her beliefs and set her up for her powerful essay A Vindication of the Rights of Women.
MT	EV16	African Methodist Episcopal Church	1790	Drew thousands of freed African-American members in the midst of the growth of African-American churches.	Demonstrated the freedmen’s need for a community just for them because the whites simply would not offer any help or guidance in areas such as schooling. The church furthered the segregation between blacks and whites, however, and made the gap between them seem much larger.
PS	EV12	African-American Religion	1790’s onward	Originally comprised of African religions which did not unify American slaves due to the diversity of African cultures. However, Methodist and Baptist denominations were very popular, and many African Americans began going to Church.