Walker AmStud 1^st Quarter All-Stars

Initials	Source	Item	Date / Decade	IDENTIFICATION	HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
RS	EV1	Kinship and Gender		The real “cement” that held respectively different tribes together, the family bond. Gender dominance, mostly men, tied tribes together.	Kinship and Gender was important because they tied Indian tribes together and helped keep the peace as far as divorce rules and marriage laws. Kinship, meaning in the extended family, was often more important then members of a nuclear family. However, it did lead to war sometimes. Gender, was treated differently than in Europe; women were often less exploited and made more equal members of society. The Indians may have had it right all along, and their methods are worth learning from.
	EV1	Medicine Men and Women	- 8000 BC	Healers with “special powers” that would also interpret dreams, guide ceremonies, and invoke wars or peace.	The Indian’s dependence on the supernatural and religion to guide their everyday lives.
RS	EV1	Archaic People	- 8000 to 1500 BC	The archeological term given to those who were the first people have organized living in America; the first to make a “society”	The Archaic people are important because they laid the base for all of the other tribes in America to follow. By having simple societal rules, and even distinctions between men and women, these people proved that America could in fact, be lived in.
KH	Plumb	Horace Walpole’s Memoirs	?1845	Documentation of the rumors surrounding King George III’s attempt to put his own party in parliament that suggests King George should be blamed for the loss of the Revolutionary War.	Before this publication, King George’s miserable rule was overlooked and the problem lied in his ministers. This publication suggested otherwise and led to the further investigation on King George’s poor rule as king.
LM&MT	HOWIA2	Courts of Equity	?1850	Provided a way to relieve women by allowing women to own property exclusive of their husbands and by forming legal contracts in which the inheritance of certain women could be protected from the husband.	The Courts of Equity only protected certain women, generally women from wealthy families, but was also the beginning of the movement to give women rights.
LM & MT	Howia3	Nancy Hart Morgan	?1864	After being captured by loyalists, she got the loyalists drunk with homemade whiskey. After they were sufficiently drunk, Nancy killed one loyalist, shot another, captured the remaining three, and insisted upon hanging them when help arrived.	Instead of giving in to the loyalists, Nancy outsmarted them and managed to get a bloody revenge on every single one of her capturers because they were not expecting such things from a woman.
LM & MT	Loyalist Handout	Captain Preston, an Old Patriot	?1898	When interviewed on the reason that he chose to fight, the captain simply responded, “we always had governed ourselves, and we always meant to.”	Captain Preston was the epitome of a Patriot. He did not fight to get rid of the Stamp Act or to get rid of the tea-tax, both of which could have been tolerated. He went to war because he believed that his country could govern itself and did not need to be under the control of an entirely different country.
LM&MT	ATF2	Ernest Caufield	?1943	A pediatrician in Salem.	He was one of the first to recognize the fact that the accusers are not actually possessed by witches but are “sick children in the worst sort of mental distress”.
	EV1	Northwest Coast Indians	1	A non-farming society that relied on fish and stored enough to last the year. Leading families created totem poles to show status.	Architecture was something the Europeans have not seen and were left in awe by the elaborate paintings and sculptures “among a nation of hunters.”
	EV1	totem pole	1	These were tall, wooden carved statues of a family’s lineage; often combined with supernatural deities in order to symbolize different aspects.	They show a pride in ancestry, possibly between higher and lower classes.
	EV1	Hopewell	-100 B.C.	Developed from Adena culture. They built large ceremonial centers that sprung up around Ohio and Illinois river valleys. The graves of elite contained burial goods. They were primarily hunter-gatherers	This society of Native Americans had the largest trade network at the time across the continent from Florida to Wisconsin to New York, displaying their peaceful attitude and ability to barter.
	EV1	Anasazis	-100 B.C.E.	People in the Southwest who lived in huge underground kivas, where religious ceremonies were held. Fell to droughts in 12^th and 13^th centuries	Eventually, these arid environments were only suitable to non-farming cultures, as the droughts became too much to bear.
	EV2	Jihad	1000s	It was a holy war against Christians for trying to re-form once Christian areas.	Trading between Christians and Muslims stopped, and lead to the long hatred of the two religions.
WM	EV2	Crusades	1000s-1300s	Long series of battles waged by the Catholic church and charged knights, to reclaim the holy land for the Christians	Created a reason for jihad and hatred of the west for destroying their land and history which remains even today, also stimulated some of the Renaissance in the sense that the “reclaimed” text of classical Greeks and Romans and Arabs
	EV1	Teotihuacan	100-700 C.E.	Capital of the largest early state in Mesoamerica, and it housed about a 100,000 people. Dominated trade networks and smaller states around them.	The development of powerful urban centers led to more civilized functions, including the formation of public institutions, taxes, and organized armies, not seen in Mesoamerica.
	EV1	Chiefdoms	1200 BC	Urban centers that dominated surrounding communities.	Served as the primitive basis for taxes, public works, and the beginnings of organized armies.
	EV1	Mississippi River	1200 BC	A river in central North America where many major civilizations initially emerged.	Provided a starting point for civilization in North America due to the fertile flood plains.
	EV1	Poverty Point	1200BC	It was a village surrounded by earthen mounds from which people could make accurate solar observations. It was at the center of a trading network largely used for producing mounds.	Much thought was given to producing earth mounds; and how accurate their solar observations were. The people were advanced enough to comprehend the solar movements and create a calendar.
	EV1	Kivas	1250 BC	Partly underground circular dwellings where Anasazi religious ceremonies were conducted.	A distinctive architectural accomplishment which has influenced modern-day Pueblo Indians.
	EV2	West African gold	1400	The growth of African long-distance trade enabled some empires to flourish.	The gold made the Turkish sultans wealthy and allowed North African rulers to purchase European guns. It helped Africa become a trade port leading to Europeans trading for slaves.
	EV2	Prince Henry	1400’s	He was a Portuguese Navigator who led Portugal to be the first to capitalize on the developments of maritime revolution.	His voyages allowed Portuguese sailors to sail further down the coast of Africa and look for trade opportunities and weak spots in the Muslim defenses.
	EV2	Christianity	1400-1500 AD	A religious belief in Europe that focused on God vs. Satan that was the main cause for the Crusades in the 11^th century.	European Christianity is the same Christianity that exists in America today. It is also what drove the Spanish to settle more of America.
	EV2	Islam	1400-1500 AD	Another religious belief that was spread from Southeast Asia to West Africa, and even Southern Europe.	At the time of the Crusades, Muslim leaders declared war against the Christians to prevent them from taking back their land.
	EV2	caravel	1400s	The caravel was a ship which made use of a triangular sail. It was faster, and more maneuverable than prior models.	The caravel, along with other inventions of the time made sea travel more accessible. The risks lessened, and more sailors were created. This led to many important voyages, often essential to the development of America.
WM	EV2	Compass and astrolabe	1400s	Two new sailing instruments allowing sailors to accurately calculate their bearings anywhere on the open ocean	The two instruments provided the sailors with tremendous accuracy and the ability of different ships to replicate courses of sail to establish colonies
WM	EV2	Gold standard currencies	1400s	In late 15^th century most European nations adopted gold as their standard for currency	Carried the most affect for Africa’s western most kingdoms, the gold kingdoms, overnight they became the focus of European trade
	EV2	Maritime Revolution”	1400s	Inventions of the compass, astrolabe, and other maritime technology such as better ships like caravels.	Explorers able to reach the New World easier than before and know where they are going, and it sparked the Age of Exploration.
WM	EV2	Reconquista”	1400s	A long war waged by Catholics in Spain to rid the Iberian Peninsula of Muslim