Fourth Quarter IDs All-Stars 2008

Initials	Source	Item	Date / Decade	IDENTIFICATION	HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
WMM	EV29	1963 Test Ban Treaty	1963	Measure enacted to limit testing by JFK in the campaign against nuclear testing.	Was a step in the right direction against nuclear weapons but was also an idea supported by activists who were soon to become angered as moves opposite of this were often made and disliked.
WMM	EV29	1968 Democratic National Convention	1968	The convention was a zoo in the appointment of either Humphrey or Daley but the real interest was the riots in the streets between students and police officers the incident was filmed.	The protests and police riots caused the country to turn against the democrats and elect Nixon as the president who opposed all the upheaval of the sixties.
WMM	EV31	1988 Election	1988	Election between George Bush and Michael Dukakis that was highlighted by short TV spots, catch phrases, and contrived images.	Lended a new title to the continuing trend of political campaigns, losing their sense of true political ideas and goals.
KH	EV28	23^rd Amendment	1964	Outlawed poll taxes in any primary or other election for public officials.	This made voting more easily accessible to those who couldn’t pay the poll tax.
PS	EV26	Adlai E. Stevenson	1952	An Illinois native, Stevenson was the Democratic nomination for presidency. However, he could not separate himself from Truman and could not overcome the sentiment that twenty years of Democratic rule was enough.	The defeat of Stevenson showed how the Democratic party had become extremely mistrusted.
WH	EV25	Adolf Hitler	1933-1940	Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933 and formed a dictatorship. In the mid-1930s, Hitler pursued a militaristic, expansionist foreign policy that violated the Versailles treaty.	He drove German Jews out of Germany because he blamed them for Germany’s defeat in World War I. Hitler captured the Rhineland and the Sudetenland. His aggressive and racial actions led to World War II.
KB	EV 32	Afghanistan War	2001-2004	After the attacks, Bush was ready to respond, as he launched a campaign to rid Afghanistan of the Taliban, one of the protectors of Al Qaeda. Some six hundred Al Qaeda fighters were captured, but Afghanistan still remained violent and unstable, even after the election of a new prime minister.	President Bush’s first response was somewhat successful, as the Taliban was removed from power in Afghanistan, but its influence could not be completely eradicated, as Al Qaeda still remained at large, along with Osama bin Laden.
WH	EV27	Age of computers	1944-1965	In 1945, ENIAC, the first computer, was created by the military. Then operating systems were then created, enabling computers to save programs on its memory. Wires were replaced by printed circuits. In 1948, transistors replaced radio tubes.	Sales of computers rose from 20 in 1954 to 2,000+ in 1960. Manufacturers used them to monitor production lines, track inventory, and ensure quality control. By the mid-1960s, more than 30,000 computers would be used by banks, hospitals, and universities. The development of integrated circuits would lead to the Internet and transform the nature of works and its landscape.
MT	EV24	Agricultural Adjustment Act	1933-1937	An act set up a program in which producers of major agricultural commodities (like hogs and wheat) received subsidies financed by a tax of food processors in return for cutting production.	The AAA became controversial because it increased farm income by 50% but it also hurt some tenants and sharecroppers because cotton growers removed acreage from production, evicted sharecroppers, and banked the subsidy checks.
KH MC	EV30	AIDS	1981	AIDS is an immune deficiency that is caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). It was first diagnosed in 1981 and caused many more Americans to be wary of unsafe sex. The disease was first more prevalent in the gay population, but soon spread to the rest of the population.	This result did not serve well for those who were encouraging the loosening of sexual mores in the United States. In fact, the spread of AIDS also served to increase a general dislike for homosexuality. The use of condoms was increased and suggested the not only the homosexual and bisexual population, but also everyone else. AIDS has become a worldwide epidemic, with no cure and only treatments available to slow the progression of the disease. AIDS is much less common in the US in comparison to the rest of the world.
AW	EV32	Al Qaeda		A terrorist organization headed by Osama bin Laden and grounded in Afghanistan. Osama denounced America for supporting Saudi Arabia’s corrupt regime, stationing ‘infidel’ troops on Saudi soil, backing Israel, and spreading wickedness through its sinful mass culture.	Responsible for orchestrating terrorist attacks, including those on September 11, 2001, on the US and some of its embassies. After 9/11 President Bush announced a military campaign to eradicate the organization.
AC	EV32	Alan Greenspan	1996	Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board; an investor, and warned of “irrational exuberance” in the stock market.	The stock market surged higher, and in 1998 nearly 50 percent of American families owned stock directly or through personal pensions.
AC	EV32	Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge	2002	One of the regions that was suggested for energy for two thousand new electric power plants, more nuclear power plants, and expanding coal, oil, and natural gas production, including mining and drilling.	If this plan goes into affect, the US would not have as much of a dependency on foreign oil, and the population could spend less money on gas.
AW	EV32	Al-Asqa Mosque	2000	An Islamic shrine on Temple Mount, where Isreal’s Likud leader Ariel Sharon made a provocative visit accompanied by nearly one thousans Israeli soldiers and police.	Sparked on the existing tensions between Palestine and Israel. Palestine launched Intifada, part deuce. Clinton decided leave dealing with the conflict to his successor after Sharon became Prime Minister of Israel in 2001.
KH	EV25	Albert Einstein	1939	A Jewish refugee and Nobel Prize-winning physicist who warned FDR that Nazi scientists were trying to use atomic physics to create a destructive weapon.	Still known today, his work revolutionized physics and he played a role in developing the atomic bomb.
PS	EV26	Alger Hiss	1948	Elegant and cultured, Hiss was a Harvard Law School graduate and worked in very high profile political positions. He was said to be a communist and was convicted and received a five-year prison sentence.	The Alger Hiss case reflected American fears of communism during the time. This case intensified fears that the Democratic administration was teeming with communists.
AH	EV30	American Indian Movement (AIM)	1968-present	An Indian activist group co-founded by lots of leaders and burst onto the international scene with its seizure of the Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters in Washington, D.C., in 1972 and the 1973 standoff at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.	In the decades since AIM's founding, the group has led protests advocating Indigenous American interests, inspired cultural renewal, monitored police activities and coordinated employment programs in cities and in rural reservation communities across the United States. AIM has often supported other indigenous interests outside the United States, as well.
WMM	EV31	Americans with Disabilities Act	1990	The law barred discrimination against the disabled and improved job opportunities and educational opportunities.	Increased by more than a million the number of disabled kids enrolled in school and boosted Bush’s image in advancing education.
KH	EV31	Amexica	2001	Time magazines phrase used to describe a Southwestern border region of 24 million people, growing at double the national rate.	Due to the increase of Hispanic immigrants, many of the Southwestern states began to merge with Hispanic culture. This shows how other cultures impact the growlingly diverse American culture.
AH	EV25	Anschluss	1938	Meaning “union”; political union of Austria with Germany, achieved through annexation by Adolf Hitler in 1938. After this, Hitler turned to the Sudetenland, insisting that it was “racially” part of Germany. Hitler made clear his determination to take the area. At a conference excluding the Czechs, the British prime minister decided to turn the Sudetenland over to Germany.	This marked the culmination of historical cross-national pressures to unify the German populations of Austria and Germany under one nation. The Anschluss was among the first major steps in Adolf Hitler's long-desired creation of an empire including German-speaking lands and territories Germany had lost after World War I. After the Anschluss, the predominantly German Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia was taken, with the rest of the country becoming a protectorate to Germany in 1939.
AW	EV32	Anthrax	2001-2004	A disease contracted from a lethal poison which caused a scare when it started showing up in mail and killing a few people after the September 11^th attacks.	Heightened the terrorist panic throughout the American public.
WMM	EV31	Anticrime Bill	1994	Guaranteed 30 billion for funding boot camps for first-time drug offenders, drug treatment centers, more prisons, more police officers, and a ban on assault weapons.	Increased the growing war on drugs and won Clinton much support because he was helping inner cities.
KH	EV30	Antinuclear Protest	1981	As Americans became more fearful of an all out nuclear war, many began protesting the development and manufacturing of nuclear weapons. In 1982, eight hundred thousand antinuclear protestors rallied in New York’s Central Park.	The concerns and protests of the American public convinced Regan to guarantee and arms reduction program.
AH	EV29	Apollo 11	1969	It was the first manned mission to land on the Moon. It carried Commander Neil Alden Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins and Lunar Module Pilot 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr.	It was the fifth human spaceflight of the Apollo program and the third human voyage to the moon. The mission fulfilled President John F. Kennedy's goal of reaching the moon by the end of the 1960s.
MC	EV30	Arab oil embargo	1973	An Embargo on the export of oil from key Arab countries raised the prices dramatically for the United States.	Higher prices meant it became harder for America to obtain vital sources of gasoline, heating oil, and other products based on petroleum. This further contributed to the already present inflation for the United States, so consumers as a whole suffered.
AC	EV32	Ariel Sharon	2000	Likud leader and became Israel’s prime minister early in 2001.	Led nearly one thousand Israeli soldiers and police and made a provocative visit to the site of Al-Asqa Mosque.
WH	EV27	Army-McCarthy Hearings	1954	In 1954, Joseph McCarthy accused the army of harboring communist spies, and the army charged McCarthy with using his influence to gain preferential treatment for a staff member who had been drafted.	At the hearing in front of a national audience, McCarthy’s dark scowl, endless interruptions, and disregard for the rights of others repelled many viewers. In December, the Senate censured the senator for contemptuous behavior and McCarthy was no longer a political force.
WMM	EV29	Assassination of MLK Jr.	4-April-1968	On that morning in Memphis Tenn. James Earl Ray shot and MLK Jr.	Caused riots, pandemonium, and fires in the black communities of many major cities resulting in many deaths and lots of damage and in his memory the move towards equality.
AH	EV23	Assembly Line	1920s	At the sprawling Ford plants near Detroit, workers stood in one place and performed simple, repetitive tasks as an endless chain conveyed the partly assembled vehicle past them.	In the 1920s assembly-line mass production boosted the per capita output of industrial workers by 40 percent. The technique quickly spread, and Fordism became a worldwide synonym for American industrial prowess.
WM	EV25	Atlantic Charter	August 1941	Document signed by Churchill and FDR that condemned aggression, affirmed national self-determination, and endorsed the principles of collective security and disarmament.	Showed the American people that war was not wanted but also made an agreement so that as soon as an aggressive act was made toward an Atlantic nation a fight would come from the collective group.
MC	EV27	atmospheric tests	1958	The Soviet Union agreed to stop their nuclear bomb testing suspended in the atmosphere. As a result, the United States soon did the same.	The nuclear fallout from these far-reaching tests would affect many areas and as a result have long, drawn out consequences. By agreeing to s suspension, the USSR showed subtle hints of a future peace treaty. To also show their hope for such an agreement, the US also suspended these tests.
MRT	EV26	Atomic Bomb	1949	As communism began to spread in China, the president announced that the Soviet Union had created an atomic bomb.	This announcement alarmed and frightened Americans who feared world domination by the Soviet Union. This brought on a whole new feeling of anti-communism and caused the US to try and one-up the Soviets. This is probably one of the reasons that the bomb was so rashly (or irrationally) dropped on Hiroshima.
AH	EV26	Atomic Energy Commission	1946-1974	The AEC was formed to regulate nuclear development. Although Congress specified that fissionable materials should be used for civilian purposes “so far as practicable,” at least 90 percent of the AEC’s effort focused on weapons.	This action reflected America's postwar optimism, with Congress declaring that atomic energy should be employed not only in the form of nuclear weapons for the nation's defense, but also to promote world peace, improve the public welfare and strengthen free competition in private enterprise. The signing was the culmination of long months of intensive debate among politicians, military planners and atomic scientists over the fate of this new energy source.
WH	EV25	Attack on Pearl Harbor	1941: Dec. 7	On the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese dive-bombers and torpedo planes bombed American ships at the military base in Hawaii. The attack killed more than 2,400 Americans.	On December 8, Roosevelt asked Congress to declared war on Japan. Because of this declaration, Hitler and Mussolini declared war on the United States. That same night, Congress declared war on Germany and Italy.
AW	EV27	Auto-mania	1945-1960	An American obsession with bright, shiny, new cars. The number of cars in the country increased by 133% in these years. Fashions in new models of cars meant that as many cars were junked each year in the mid-1950s as were manufactured.	One of the facets of the increasing superfluous spending of affluent Americans. The mania resulted in increases in highway deaths, air pollution, oil consumption, and debt by auto loans. The beginnings of a culture’s enduring fascination with things that go fast.
WH AH	EV23	Automobiles	1920-1929	An automobile is a transportation device powered by a gasoline or electrical engine. The first automobile was the black Ford Model T. The automobile accelerated the standardization of American life.	Tons of consumer goods came about and impacted the lives of millions of Americans. The automobile, however, had the greatest social and cultural impact. Urban planners worriedly discussed traffic jams, parking problems, and the mounting accident rate. Automobile owners could travel where they wished, when they wished, freed from fixed routes and schedules. The one-room schoolhouse was abandoned as school buses carried children to consolidated schools. Neighborhood markets declined as people drove to chain stores. The automobile age brought the first suburban department stores, the first shopping center, and the first fast-food restaurant.