Walker AmStud 3^rd Quarter All-Stars

Initials	Source	Item	Date / Decade	IDENTIFICATION	HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
AH	Happiness Machine	Edward Bernays		Bernays is considered one of the fathers of the field of public relations. Combining the ideas of Gustave Le Bon and Wilfred Trotter on crowd psychology with the psychoanalytical ideas of his uncle, Sigmund Freud, Bernays was one of the first to attempt to manipulate public opinion using the psychology of the subconscious.	He felt this manipulation was necessary in society, which he regarded as irrational and dangerous as a result of the 'herd instinct' that Trotter had described. He was named one of the 100 most influential Americans of the 20th century by Life magazine.
WM	ATF11	Slater and Morrill Shoe Company heist	15 April 1920	Bandits jumped the paymaster of the company, killing him and his assistant and escaped with the money in a getaway car.	Started a firestorm of immigration conversation and continued prejudice against immigrants by highlighting the ways the hurt native born Americans.
AH	EV20	Spoils System	1800-1877	For decades, successful candidates had rewarded supporters and contributors with jobs ranging from cabinet seats to lowly municipal posts. Defenders called the system rotation in office and claimed that it was a democratic way of filling government positions. Too often, the new officeholders were ill prepared or just incompetent, and once in office they had to continue making campaign contributions to their patrons to keep their jobs,	Cautiously embracing the new civil-service cause, President Hayes in 1877 launched an investigation of the corrupt New York City customs office and demanded the resignations of two officials with strong ties to Conkling, leader of the Stalwarts. When they refused Hayes’s order, the president suspended them. Hayes’s action won praise from civil-service reformers, but Conkling simply ridiculed him.
KB	HOWIA 12	Jewish Women	1820-1920	Jewish women were able to adjust to the American lifestyle easier than others, as they converted their skills as merchants on the streets of Chicago and New York, as they turned buying and selling into an art form.	It was surprising to see how much easier the Jewish women were able to adjust to the American lifestyle easier than their husbands, as they used their experience in Europe and transitioned that to success in America.
MC	EV19	Tammany Hall	1830-1930	Democratic body that ruled New York City’s politics during its existence with extensive power throughout the city; example of an American political machine	America’s contribution to the governmental system; successful heavily due to the large number of poor people in the urban environment which who benefited directly in exchange for a fee; benefited those on the side of the political machine with bribes or tax cuts, however, the increasingly corrupt system was bound to fail someday
AW	EV19	Mark Twain	1835-1910	Satirical author from Missouri. Throughout his life published such social commentaries as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.	One of the most well-known American authors to this day. Along with that of other of his literary contemporaries, Twain’s initially unpopular work helped to transition society from the optimistic, progressive Victorian outlook to a new turn-of-the-century sociology.
MC	EV19	Victorian morality	1837-1901	Social ideas put into effect by Britain’s Queen Victoria that justified the actions of the upper classes	Attested that people belonged to a class due their respective abilities and morals; therefore, the wealthy were allowed to live lavishly; women were believed to be the center of moral correctness in the home; emphasized the use of manners which resulted in a greater difference between the upper classes and the lower classes
LM	EV19	Cult of Domesticity	1840-1900	A protected retreat known as the home, or the “woman’s sphere.” Women were to express her special maternal gifts such as sensitivity toward children and an aptitude for religion. Another obligation for women that was rather new was to foster an artistic environment that would nurture her family’s cultural improvement.	Expectations of a woman’s role changed drastically due to the Victorian views of morality and culture, plus rising pressures on consumers to make decisions about domestic products. The home became the “woman’s sphere” and they creators of the home’s cultural environment for the family.
MC	EV19	New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor	1843	Founded by Robert M. Hartley of the New York Temperance Society, aimed to improve living conditions for the lower classes by assisting its youth; also demanded better living conditions for urban dwellers	Many believed that immigrants often failed in society because of their lack of self-control or other crucial traits; reformative attempts, therefore, were aimed at altering the poor mentally, along with bringing material benefits; societies also believed that by helping the youth to change their ways, they were ensuring the betterment of the people for the future
MC	EV19	New York Knickerbockers	1845	Establishment of the first official baseball team; later, in 1860, rules were put into effect and a league began to take shape	Baseball had existed in various forms since the seventeenth century, however at this point it became an official pastime of America; signifies the beginning of the professional sports industry as it stands today
MT	HOWIA11	Carrie Nation	1846-1911	A six-foot-tall “Crusader” who stormed into saloons smashing everything she could find. This was her way of enforcing temperance.	Nation is only one example of the extreme measures that women would go to in order to achieve their goal of temperance among men.
AH	EV18	Thomas A. Edison	1847-1931	Largely self-educated, Edison was a born salesman and self-promoter. He envisioned a larger, interconnected industrial system resting on a foundation of technological innovation. In the early days, Edison mainly focused on his telegraph. His profits enabled him to establish an “invention factory.” After his phonograph, Edison set out to create a practical incandescent light bulb, which he eventually perfected. He followed this by opening Edison Illuminating Company in NYC. He eventually merged with a competitor to for General Electric.	Over Edison’s long life, he patented 1, 093 inventions and amassed and estate worth more than $6million. The effects of his inventions can be witnessed by everyone today. Edison epitomized the inventive impulse and helped make invention a big business.
AH MT WH	EV18	Andrew Carnegie	1848-1905	Andrew was born in Scotland and immigrated when he was 12 years old. He was ambitious and hard working, rising through the ranks at every job he took. He invested heavily in railroads, which brought about his original success. His real fortune came about when he established his own steel mill. He created his own economic philosophy and understood vertical integration.	The career of Andrew Carnegie illustrates the link between railroad expansion and the growth of corporate organization and management. In his six years as western division chief of the Pennsylvania railroad, he doubled the road’s mileage and quadrupled the traffic. Carnegie’s success reaffirmed the openness of American economic system and promised that anyone could rise from rags to riches. Carnegie is the prime example of what people associate with the “American dream” in that he was able to go from rags to riches in the newly developing American society. Stories such as Carnegie’s were the inspiration for many foreigners to immigrate to America that became the basis for the plethora of nationalities that make up the population of America. Carnegie discovered the benefits of vertical integration, controlling all aspects of manufacturing.
DO	EV17	Boom towns	1849-1900	Large, lively towns populated by incoming waves of miners chasing new gold finds. Started out as small, boomed with a gold find, and then died away again into a ghost town when the miners moved on.	Experienced the boom-and-bust story that replayed countless times, characterizing the West as an appealing place where fortunes are quickly won (and lost), fueling westward migration.
MC	EV 17	army outposts	1850	The United States Army established outposts along trails through the Plains filled with troops with the purpose of readily concentrating the Indians to smaller lands by force. Instead of being free to roam, the Indians were to be isolated in smaller reservations.	At first the government was willing to allow the Indians use of the Plains, but as populations grew the land became more valuable. The American view was that the Indians were simply nuisances, preventing them from making good use of the land. The government can and would authorize the use of military force against any dissidents.
MC	EV 17	californios	1850-1869	Descendants of original settlers from Spain or Mexico, who also spoke Spanish, and lived in California. When the ranch economy collapsed, they returned to barrios, or neighborhoods divided by race. Californios then made a living through low-wage work.	Faced a cultural discrimination similar to that experienced by Indians. Property ownership was difficult for californios, as white Americans sought to ostracize and demean the minority. However, the cheap labor was still essential to the economy, making the minority a hated yet indispensable element of American culture.
WM PS	EV17	Bison (Buffalo)	1850-1879	Provided Indians on the plains with a plentiful supply of meat, the animals helped the Indians sustain life	Once the west began to become populated by settlers they killed out the buffalo and depleted the Indians main source of food causing the Indian population to lose strength and resistance to disease without enough food. Native Americans way of life had been completely ruined with the fall of the buffalo.
MT	HOWIA11	Agnes Moreley Cleaveland	1850-1930	A woman who grew up in New Mexico who witnessed the change of the West in reference to social customs. She was known for her skill at horseback riding, which is typically a skill attributed to men.	Not only was Cleaveland allowed to ride horses, but she was better at riding horses than many men and that is an occurrence that would never have been tolerated earlier in the century or even in a different part of the country such as the East.
MT	HOWIA11	Frances Willard	1850-1930	Lead the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and divided it into 40 parts with a female leader in every state and recruited women with the temperance movement then winning them over for other important women’s rights.	Willard advocated women’s right in the name of home, purity, and God which gave her the necessary supporters for her campaign but also undermined the entire idea that women should be independent with that campaign.
AH	EV18	Hardships of Industrial Labor	1850s-1930s	Unskilled workers drifted from city to city and from industry to industry. They earned about one-third the wages of skilled artisans. Skilled and unskilled workers alike put in twelve-hour shifts, often under hazardous, unhealthful conditions. An alarming incidence of industrial accidents stemmed from workers’ inexperience, dangerous factory conditions, and the rapid pace of production. Children as young as 8 worked in coal mines and cotton mills. For adult workers, the railroads presented the most peril.	Disabled workers and widows received minimal aid from employers. Employers fought the adoption of safety and health standards on the grounds that the costs would be excessive. Workers joined fraternal organizations and ethnic clubs for sickness and accident benefits, but usually the amounts set aside from dues were too low to provide much relief. When a worker was killed or maimed, the family depended on relatives or neighbors for help.
MC	EV19	Young Men’s Christian Association	1851	Founded in England in 1841, then brought to America; centered itself on providing a safe haven for transient individuals, while also providing counseling for those involved with drinking or other misbehavior	Over 1,500 YMCA’s served 250,000 men; but still a great deal of the population was untouched. Many disagreed with the YMCA method of tying support with moral correctness, so those in cities often scorned the use of a YMCA
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